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Section I presents an update on the state-of-the-art on space exploration. This term stands for all activities leading to study the Earth outer space by using either space technology or observations from the surface or from our close circumplanetary environment. With the advances in space technology our knowledge on the outer space has been increasing with an accelerating pace. The mankind succeeded to send satellites, landers, rovers and even manned spacecrafts to the Moon. The chapter recalls that the activities of nations involved in the exploration and use of the outer space is governed by the Outer Space Treaty, which defines basic principles for using the outer space. Despite the Treaty states that “The exploration and use of outer space shall be carried out for the benefit and in the interests of all States”, until recent years space exploration was a privilege of a few countries (United States, Japan, Europe and Russian Federation), which managed to develop the technologies necessary to adventure far out of our planet. This chapter discusses extensively a very innovative and recently introduced concept in this field: the democratization of the space. Countries wanting to use the space for the good of their citizens and to boost their development stepped into the space technology arena. In the late years China and India made great achievements. As of today, these countries managed to put their own launch vehicles on serial production and even reached lunar orbit. Meanwhile, late industrialized nations like Brazil, South Africa, Turkey, Thailand, Malaysia and some other countries had their first steps mostly through relatively low-cost small satellite technology transfer programs based on technological partnerships with the countries strong in technology for navigation through the solar system. The chapter ends up by listing the set of technological requirements that countries newcomers into outer space research needs to accomplish, and stresses the large investments (man-power and financial) that are expected in order to succeed in such adventure out there.